Skip to content
Secnto AI
cyberianC
This course introduces Vertex AI Studio, a tool to interact with generative AI models, prototype business ideas, and launch them into production. Through an immersive use case, engaging lessons, and a hands-on lab, you’ll explore the prompt-to-product lifecycle and learn how to leverage Vertex AI Studio for Gemini multimodal applications, prompt design, prompt engineering, and model tuning. The aim is to enable you to unlock the potential of gen AI in your projects with Vertex AI Studio. Earn a badge today! video iconLesson Use case pace 3 minutes video iconLesson Idea to app pace 10 minutes video iconLesson Prompt engineering pace 11 minutes video iconLesson Deployment and model tuning pace 9 minutes video iconLesson Summary pace 3 minutes lab iconLab Get Started with Vertex AI Studio In this lab, you learn to build generative AI prototypes with Vertex AI Studio and Gemini, mastering prompt design and multimodal analysis in the console, all without coding. pace 1 hour quiz iconCheck Quiz pace 25 minutes document iconLesson Reading List pace 30 minutes Course Badge survey iconLesson Course Survey
DigiSkills
zaasmiZ
It is important to note (especially if it escalates further) that the quoted account is not an official Iranian account, as popular accounts and many others in the replies seem to believe. We've arrived. pic.twitter.com/Sld6HD8iKF— Iran Military (@IRIran_Military) June 13, 2025 Ali Hosseini Khamenei was an Iranian politician and Shia cleric, who was the supreme leader of Iran from 1989 until his assassination in 2026. He previously served as the president of Iran from 1981 to 1989. Wikipedia Born: April 19, 1939, Mashhad, Iran Assassinated: February 28, 2026,
General Discussion
cyberianC
‏80 میگا ہرٹز سپیکٹرم کی 507 ملین ڈالر میں نیلامی: کیا پاکستان میں ’سست انٹرنیٹ‘ کا حل فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی میں چھپا ہے؟ ‏20 جنوری 2026اپ ڈیٹ کی گئی ایک گھنٹہ قبل مطالعے کا وقت: 14 منٹ ‏’سوری میرا انٹرنیٹ نہیں چل رہا تھا اس لیے آپ کا پیغام دیر سے ملا۔‘ ‏’میڈم آج کارڈ نہیں چلے گا انٹرنیٹ بند ہے، اس لیے صرف کیش چلے گا۔‘ ‏پاکستان میں یہ جملے ہمیں اکثر سننے کو ملتے ہیں اور ہم میں اکثر افراد کو بعض اوقات ایسی صورتحال کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے جب موبائل فون جیسی سہولت کسی مشکل صورتحال میں سگنل نہ آنے یا انٹرنیٹ نہ چلنے کے سبب ہمارے کام نہیں آ پاتی۔ ‏تاہم اب حکام کا کہنا ہے کہ ملک میں فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کے اجرا کے لیے سپیکٹرم کی کامیاب نیلامی کے بعد یہ مسئلہ بڑی حد تک حل ہو جائے گا۔ ‏پاکستان میں ٹیلی کمیونیکشن کے نگراں ادارے پی ٹی اے نے ملک میں فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کے اجرا کے لیے 480 میگاہرٹز سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی کا عمل منگل کو مکمل کیا ہے۔ ‏یہ سپیکٹرم 507 ملین ڈالر میں فروخت ہوئے ہیں اور حکومت کا کہنا ہے کہ رواں سال کے اختتام تک ملک کے بڑے شہروں میں فائیو جی کی سہولت دستیاب ہو گی۔ ‏سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی کے لیے تقریب اسلام آباد میں منعقد ہوئی۔ اس نیلامی میں پاکستان میں ٹیلی کام سروسز فراہم کرنے والی تینوں کمپنیوں زونگ، جاز اور یو فون نے حصہ لیا۔ ‏نیلامی مکمل ہونے کے بعد میڈیا سے بات کرتے ہوئے پی ٹی اے کے چیئرمین میجر جنرل ریٹائرڈ حفیظ الرحمان نے بتایا کہ فائیو جی سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی تین ادوار میں مکمل ہوئی اور اس دوران فائیو جی کے لیے دستیاب 597 میں سے 480 میگاہرٹز سپیکٹرم فروخت ہوا ہے۔ ‏پی ٹی اے کے چیئرمین کے مطابق بولی کے دوارن جاز نے مجموعی طور پر 190 میگاہرٹز، یو فون نے 180 میگا ہرٹز اور زونگ نے 110 میگا ہرٹز سپیکٹرم خریدا ہے۔ ‏پاکستان ٹیلی کمیونیکشن اتھارٹی کا کہنا ہے کہ 700 میگا ہرٹز کے تین لائسنس، 2300 میگا ہرٹز کے تمام لائسنس، 2600 میگا ہرٹز کے 19 لائسنس اور3500 میگا ہرٹز کے 28 لائسنس نیلام کیے گئے ہیں۔ یہ تمام لائسنس ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں کو 15 سال کے لیے دیے جائیں گے۔ ‏سپیکٹرم خریدنے والی کمپنی کو شروع میں کوئی ادائیگی نہیں کرنی پڑے گی لیکن انھیں پہلے سال کے اختتام پر 50 فیصد رقم ادا کرنی ہو گی جبکہ باقی 50 فیصد رقم پانچ اقساط میں ادا کی جائے گی۔ ‏میجر جنرل ریٹائرڈ حفیظ الرحمان نے کہا کہ سپیکٹرم کی فروخت سے صارفین کو بہتر انٹرنیٹ کی سہولیات کی فراہمی ممکن ہو گی۔ ‏تقریب میں شریک وفافی وزیر انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی شزہ فاطمہ خواجہ نے کہا کہ پاکستان اب اُن ممالک کی فہرست میں شامل ہو جائے گا کہ جہاں فائیو ٹیکنالوجی موجود ہے۔ انھوں نے کہا کہ اس مرحلے کو مکمل کرنے میں انڈسٹری اور ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں نے اہم کرداد اد کیا اور رواں سال کے آخر تک اسلام آباد، لاہور، پشاور، کراچی اور کوئٹہ میں فائیو جی دستیاب ہو گا۔ ‏انھوں نے کہا کہ فائیو جی کے لائسنس کے اجرا کا مقصد زیادہ آمدن کمانا نہیں تھا بلکہ اس کا مقصد ٹیلی کام آپریٹرز کے نیٹ ورک کی توسیع اور انفراسٹرکچر کو مضبوط بنانا ہے تاکہ صارفین کے لیے بہتر اور معیاری ڈیجیٹل خدمات فراہم کی جا سکیں۔ ‏اس موقع پر وزیر خزانہ محمد اورنگزیب نے کہا کہ ملک کی معاشی ترقی اور ڈیجیٹل پاکستان کے حصول کے لیے فائیو جی بہت ضروری ہے۔ انھوں نے کہا کہ حکومت کی کوشش ہے کہ ٹیلی کیمونیکیشن نظام کو جدید اور مضبوط بنائیں تاکہ ڈیجٹیل پاکستان کا حصول ممکن ہو سکے۔ ‏پاکستان ٹیلی کام ریگولیٹری اتھارٹی کی جانب سے نیلامی کے لیے جاری انفارمیشن میمورینڈم کے مطابق ملک میں سنہ 2035 تک تین مختلف مرحلوں میں فائیو جی لانچ کیا جائے گا۔ نیلامی کی شرائط کے مطابق پہلے مرحلے میں ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں پر لازم ہو گا کہ وہ سنہ 2028 تک ملک کے بڑے شہروں میں فائیو جی لانچ کریں اور فور جی کی سپیڈ کو بھی بڑھا کر کم سے کم 20 ایم بی تک کیا جائے۔ ‏ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ سپیکٹرم لائسنس کی نیلامی سے موبائل فون سروسز فراہم کرنے والی سیلولر کمپنیاں اور انٹرنیٹ سروسز فراہم کرنے والی زیادہ برینڈوتھ کے ذریعے تیز سروس فراہم کریں گے۔ ‏پاکستان میں ماضی میں انٹرنیٹ اور موبائل فون کے سگنلز سکیورٹی یا دیگر وجوہات کو جواز بنا کر بند کیے جاتے رہے ہیں اور اکثر اوقات میں ملک میں موجود انٹرنیٹ کی سپیڈ اتنی سست ہو جاتی ہے کہ لگتا ہے انٹرنیٹ لگ بھگ بند ہو گیا ہے۔ ‏سپیکٹرم کا لائسنس، برینڈورتھ، فائیو جی سروسز، یہ سب کافی ٹیکنکل معاملات ہیں اور عمومًا عوام کی اولین ترجیح تیز رفتار اور بلا تعطل انٹرنیٹ ہے، لیکن مسئلہ یہ ہے کہ اس کو سمجھے بغیر سست رفتار انٹرنیٹ کا مسئلہ سمجھ نہیں آئے گا۔ ‏چلیں اصلاحات کو سمجھتے ہوئے یہ جاننے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں کہ کیا تیزرفتار انٹرنیٹ کا خواب پورا کرنے کے لیے صرف سپیکٹرم لائسنس ہی جادو کی چھڑی ہے؟ یا پھر کہیں ایسا تو نہیں ہے کہ حکومت موٹر وے بنا رہی ہے لیکن اُس پر چلانے کے لیے عوام کے پاس گاڑی ہی نہ ہو۔ ‏پاکستان میں اِس وقت انٹرنیٹ سست کیوں ہے اور یہ تیز کیسے ہو گا؟ ‏پاکستان میں انٹرنیٹ چاہے آپ موبائل پر استعمال کریں یا گھر پر کیبل انٹرنیٹ کے ذریعے، اُس کے لیے یہ کمپنیاں 274 میگا ہیٹز سپیکٹرم استعمال کرتی ہیں یعنی انٹرنیٹ اور ٹیلی کام کی ساری ٹریفک اسی راستے سے گزر کر جائے گی۔ ‏سپیکٹرم سے مراد فضا میں موجود وہ راستے ہیں جو کمپنیوں کو استعمال کرنے کی اجازت ہے۔ جوں جوں پاکستان میں انٹرنیٹ کا استعمال بڑھا ہے صارفین کی تعداد بڑھنے سے اس راستے یعنی سپیکٹرم پر رش بڑھ گیا ہے اور ہمیں آئے روز سست انٹرنیٹ، سگنل پورے نہ ملنے جیسے مسائل کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے۔ ‏ٹیلی کام انڈسٹری سے وابستہ ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں جو سپیکٹرم استعمال ہو رہا ہے وہ خطے کے دیگر ممالک کے مقابلے میں بہت کم ہے یعنی بنگلہ دیش کی حکومت نے بھی 600 سے زیادہ سپیکٹرم استعمال کرنے کی اجازت دی ہوئی ہے۔ ‏ٹیلی کام شعبے کے ماہر پرویز افتخار کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں ٹیلی کام کے شعبے کے لیے دستیاب سپیکٹرم خطے کے دوسرے ممالک کے مقابلے میں آدھا ہے اور یہی وجہ ہے کہ انٹرنیٹ کی ڈیٹا سپیڈ کم ہو جاتی ہے اور نیٹ ورک کے جام ہونے جیسے شکایات سامنے آتی ہیں۔ ‏بی بی سی سے بات کرتے ہوئے انھوں نے کہا کہ انٹرنیشنل ٹیلی کیمونیکیشن یونین کے مطابق براڈ بینڈ انٹرنیٹ کے لیے 900 سے زائد میگا ہیڈز سپیکٹرم درکار ہوتا ہے لیکن پاکستان میں حکومت نے اس جانب توجہ نہیں دی۔ ‏پاکستان کی وزیر برائے انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی شزہ فاطمہ خواجہ نے فروری میں فائیو جی سپیکٹرم لائسنس کی نیلامی کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے کہا تھا کہ پاکستان میں کام کرنے والی ٹیلی کام کمپنیاں اضافی سپیکٹرم خرید سکیں گی۔ ‏ماہرین کے خیال میں یہ ٹیلی کام انڈسٹری کے لیے حوصلہ بخش اقدام ہے کیونکہ اس سے ٹیلی کام کے شعبے کے پاس 700 میگا ہیڈز سپیکٹرم موجود ہو گا جس سے انٹرنیٹ کی سپیڈ، کالز کی کوالٹی اور بہتر ڈیٹا سروسز دستیاب ہو گی۔ ‏انڈسٹری سے وابستہ افراد سپیکٹرم بڑھنے کے اعلان پر خوش ضرور ہے لیکن اُن کے خیال میں اس سپیکٹرم کو فائیو جی کے اجرا کے ساتھ منسلک کرنا ضروری نہیں ہے۔ ‏ماہر ٹیلی کام سیکٹر اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ سپیکٹرم کے اجرا سے صارفین کو تیز رفتار انٹرنیٹ تو ملے گا لیکن اسے انٹرنیٹ کی سروسز کو بہتر کرنے کو فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی سے منسلک نہیں کرنا چاہیے۔ ‏ڈیجیٹل پاکستان کا خواب، زمینی حقائق اور فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی ‏اکستان میں دس سال قبل فور جی ٹیکنالوجی متعارف کروائی گئی تھی اور اس وقت ملک میں فور جی اور تھری جی ٹیکنالوجی دونوں موجود ہیں لیکن خطے کے دیگر ممالک کی طرح فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی دستیاب نہیں ہے۔ ‏ملک میں ہونے والے حالیہ حکومتی ہاؤس ہولڈ سروے کے مطابق 70 فیصد گھرانوں کے پاس انٹرنیٹ کی سہولت ہے جبکہ ملک کی 57 فیصد افراد انٹرنیٹ استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ ‏وزیر برائے انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی شزہ فاطمہ کا کہنا ہے کہ ڈیجیٹل پاکستان کے ویژن کو آگے بڑھاتے ہوئے پاکستان کی ٹیلی کام کمپنیاں ملک میں جلد فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی متعارف کروائیں گی۔ انھوں نے کہا تھا کہ سپیکٹرم لائسنس کے بعد ملک میں فور جی انٹرنیٹ کی سروسز بھی بہتر ہوں گی۔ ‏لیکن ٹیلی کام انڈسٹری سے منسلک افراد کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں فائیو جی استعمال کرنے والے صارفین کی نہ صرف تعداد بہت کم ہے بلکہ بہت ہی کم افراد ایسے موبائل فون سیٹ یا انٹرنیٹ موڈیم خریدنے کی صلاحیت رکھتے ہیں جس پر فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی چل سکے۔ ‏ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کے ماہر اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان مختلف وجوہات کے سبب خطے میں ٹیکنالوجی کے لحاظ سے پیچھے رہ گیا ہے اس لیے حکومت سپیکٹرم کے ساتھ فائیو جی بھی لانا چاہتی ہے لیکن اُن کا کہنا ہے کہ فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کو لانے سے پہلے اُس کے لیے ساز گار ماحول بنایا ضروری ہے۔ ‏بی بی سی سے بات کرتے ہوئے اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں ٹیلی کام کمپمنیاں سخت ریگولیشن اور انتہائی سخت مقابلے میں کام کر رہی ہیں ٹیلی کام سیکٹر پر ٹیکسز اور پھر روپے کی قدر میں کمی سے اُن کے اخراجات بڑھ گئے ہیں ایسے میں فائیو جی کی شرط لاگو کرنے سے ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں پر مزید بوجھ بڑھے گا۔ ‏پاکستان موبائل آپریٹرز ایڈوائزری کونسل کے ایک محتاط اندازے کے مطابق پاکستان میں صرف دو فیصد صارفین کے پاس ایسے آئی فون، سام سنگ یا مہنگے چینی کمپنیوں کے بنے موبائل فونز ہیں جن پر فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی چل سکتی ہے۔ تاہم بی بی سی اس اندازے کی تصدیق نہیں کر سکتا ہے۔ ‏ملکی سطح پر بننے والے موبائل فونز، جو زیادہ تر افراد استعمال کرتے ہیں، میں سے 60 فیصد فونز پر صرف ٹو جی ہی چلتا ہے۔ ایسے میں مقامی سطح پر بننے والے فونز اب کم قیمت فور جی فونز بنانے پر توجہ دے رہے ہیں۔ ماہرین کا دعویٰ ہے کہ اگر فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی آتی ہے تو یہ صرف محدود طبقے کے لیے ہی قابلِ استعمال ہو گی۔ ‏انٹرنیٹ کمیونیکشن ٹیکنالوجی کے ماہر پرویز افتخار کا کہنا ہے کہ ٹیکنالوجی اپ گریڈ کرنا ضروری ہے اور اگر حکومتی علامتی طور فائیو جی متعارف کروانا چاہتی ہے تو اس میں کوئی حرج نہیں۔ ‏لیکن وہ اس بات سے متفق ہیں کہ پاکستان میں فی الحال فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کی کھپت نہیں۔ ‏بی بی سی سے بات کرتے ہوئے انھوں نے بتایا کہ فائیو جی کا زیادہ استعمال عام صارفین کے بجائے بڑے پیمانے پر اُن سیکٹر میں ہوتا ہے جہاں رییئل ٹائم پر ڈیٹا اکٹھا کیا جائے، جیسے ایگریکلچر فارم، کیٹل فارم جہاں سینسرز کے ذریعے ڈیٹا اکٹھا کیا جاتا ہے۔ اُن کے مطابق کلاوڈ یا ڈیٹا سینٹرز ابھی پاکستان میں کم ہیں لیکن مستقبل میں بڑھیں گے اس لیے فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کی اپ گریڈیشن ضروری ہے ‏حکومت کا فائیو جی کا اصرار اور کمپنیوں کی ہچکچاہٹ ‏حکومت نے ملک میں فائیو جی کے اجرا کے لیے پلان تو جاری کر دیا ہے لیکن سیلولر یا موبائل فون سروسز فراہم کرنے والی کمپنیوں کا کہنا ہے کہ فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی لانے کے لیے کمپنیوں کو اپنے انفرسٹرکچر کو اپ ڈیٹ کرنا پڑے گا جس کے لیے انھیں دوسرے ممالک سے مشینری منگوانی پڑی گی، اور دوسری جانب صارفین کی قوتِ خرید کم ہونے سے مارکیٹ میں اس کی ڈیمانڈ نہیں ہے۔ ‏اُن کا کہنا ہے کہ موبائل کمپنیوں کے صارفین کی اکثریت وہ ہے جو پری پیڈ پیکجز خریدتی ہے یعنی کمپنی کی آمدن کا زیادہ تر حصہ پوسٹ پیڈ یا ماہانہ بلنگ کے بجائے پری پیڈ پر منحصر ہے۔ ایسے میں فائیو جی کے ممکنہ صارفین کی تعداد اور کم ہے۔ ‏پاکستان کا شمار اُن ممالک میں ہوتا ہے جہاں موبائل فون استعمال کرنے والے افراد کی تعداد 19 کروڑ 25 لاکھ ہے۔ پاکستان ٹیلی کیمونیکشن اتھارٹی کے اعدادوشمار کے مطابق 14 کروڑ 98 لاکھ افراد کے پاس براڈ بینڈ انٹرنیٹ کی سہولت موجود ہے لیکن بڑی تعداد میں صارفین ہونے کے باوجود بھی ٹیلی کام انڈسٹری کا زیادہ تر انحصار کم فون استعمال کرنے والے پری پیڈ صارفین پر مشتمل ہے۔ ‏یہی سبب ہے کہ ٹیلی کام انڈسٹری کی فی صارف اوسط آمدن یا ریونیو ایک ڈالر ہے جو خطے کے دیگر ممالک کے مقابلے میں کم ہے۔ ‏ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ ٹیلی کام ڈی ریگولیٹڈ سیکٹر ہے اور حکومت کے بجائے اس فائیو جی لانے یا نہ لانے کا فیصلہ ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں کو ہونا چاہیے۔ ‏ماہر افتخار پرویز بھی اس بات سے متفق ہیں کہ پاکستان میں انٹرنیٹ یا موبائل فون سروسز دیگر کئی ممالک کے مقابلے میں سستی ہیں۔ بی بی سی سے بات کرتے ہوئے انھوں نے بتایا کہ پاکستان میں مارکیٹ بہت بڑی نہیں ہے لیکن اس میں موجود کمپنیوں کے لیے مقابلہ بہت سخت ہے۔ انھوں نے کہا کہ اگرچہ اس کا فائدہ عوام یا صارفین کو ہوتا ہے لیکن ٹیلی کام سیکٹرز کے مارجنز یا منافع بہت زیادہ نہیں ہیں۔ ‏افتخار پرویز کا کہنا ہے کہ سخت مقابلہ ہے اور ٹیکسز زیادہ ہیں اور اس ٹیکنالوجی کو مستقل اپ گریڈیشن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے اس لیے ان کے اخراجات بھی جاری رہتے ہیں۔ ‏اُن کے بقول ان کمپنیوں کے ذریعے پورے ملک میں زبردستی فائیو جی لانچ کروانا بے سود ہے کیونکہ مخصوص جگہوں پر فائیو جی ٹھیک ہے لیکن زیادہ ضروری یہ ہے کہ فور جی کی سروسز کو بہتر کیا جائے تاکہ بغیر روکے تیز انٹرنیٹ چلے۔ ‏ٹیلکام آپریٹرز ایسوسی ایشن کے چیئرمین عامر ابراہیم نے اخبار بزنس ریکاڈر میں لکھے گئے اپنے ایک مضمون میں کہا ہے کہ مناسب اقدامات مدنظر نہ رکھتے ہوئے فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کا نفاذ، فائدے سے زیادہ نقصان دہ ہو گا۔ ‏انھوں نے کہا کہ عوام کی اکثریت کے پاس فائیو جی والے فون نہیں ہیں اور جبری طور پر اگر فائیو جی نافذ کیا گیا تو یہ دو دھاری تلوار ہے کیونکہ ٹیکنالوجی اپ گریڈ کے لیے موبائل فون آپریٹرز کو کئی سازوسامان باہر منگوانے پڑیں گے لیکن فائیو جی کو استعال کرنے والے صارفین موجود نہیں ہیں۔ ‏ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کے ماہر اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ ملک میں فائیو جی کا فی الحال استعمال بہت کم ہے اور ابتدا میں یہ کمپنیوں کے لیے اضافی خرچ ہے جس کی طلب یا ضروری کم ہے۔ ‏اُن کے بقول علامتی طور پر ملک میں فائیو جی ہونا ضروری ہے لیکن حکومت کو چاہیے تھا کہ پہلے طلب بڑھانے کے لیے ماحول ساز گار کرتے کیونکہ آپریٹر سے توقع نہیں کی جا سکتی کہ وہ ٹیکنالوجی بھی لائے اور ڈیمانڈ بھی پیدا کرے۔ ‏اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ اگر ایک بار کوئی ٹیکنالوجی آ جاتی ہے تو بتدریج اُس کی ڈیمانڈ پیدا ہو جاتی ہے لیکن اُس میں وقت لگتا ہے۔ ‏ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کے ماہر پرویز افتخار کا کہنا ہے کہ ملک میں تیز رفتار انٹرنیٹ کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ پاکستان میں زیادہ سپیکٹرم موجود ہو اور دوسری نمبر ڈیٹا کی منتقلی کے لیے یا تیز ڈؤان لوڈنگ اور اپ لویڈنگ کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ موبائل ٹاورز فائبر آپٹک کیبل سے منسلک ہوں۔ ‏ماہر پرویز افتخار کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں ٹیلی کام کمپنیوں کے صرف 15 فیصد موبائل ٹاور فائبر آپٹک کیبل سے منسلک ہیں جبکہ یہ شرح انڈیا اور بنگلہ دیش میں زیادہ ہے۔ ‏انھوں نے کہا کہ تیز انٹرنیٹ سروس کے لیے پہلے یہ اقدامات کرنا ضروری ہیں۔ ‏پاکستان میں سپیکٹرم میں تاخیر کیوں ہوئی ہے؟ ‏پاکستان میں اس قبل بھی کئی مرتبہ حکومت سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی کی ہے لیکن زیادہ لائسنس فیس اور سخت ریگولیشنز کے سبب ان نیلامیوں میں سرمایہ کاروں نے یا تو حصہ ہی نہیں لایا یا بھر صرف وہ ایک، دو کمپنیاں شامل ہوئیں جنھیں سپیکٹرم خریدنے کی اشد ضرورت تھی۔ ‏ماہرین کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں حکومت ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کے لائسنس کو حکومتی آمدن بڑھانے کا ذریعہ سمجھتی ہے جبکہ انھیں یہ سمجھنا چاہیے کہ ملک میں انٹرنیٹ کی رسائی ہونے سے معیشت بڑھتی ہے۔ ‏ماہرِ ٹیلی کام اسلم حیات کا کہنا ہے کہ ملک میں سیکٹرم کی ڈیمانڈ تھی لیکن زیادہ قیمت، غیر یقنی کی صورتحال اور سخت ریگولیٹری شرائط کے سبب اس میں تاخیر ہوتی رہی۔ ‏انھوں نے کہا کہ یہی وجہ ہے کہ پاکستان میں دستیاب انٹرنیٹ یا فور جی کی سپیڈ دیگر خطے کے ممالک کے مقابلے میں کم ہے۔ ‏انھوں نے کہا کہ سنہ 2014 میں سپیکٹرم لائسنس کی نیلامی بھی قابلِ ذکر نہیں بلکہ 2016 اور 2017 اور 2021 میں ہونے والا نیلامی میں ایک، ایک ٹیلی کام کمپنی نے حصہ لیا جو یہ ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ اُن کے لیے ہر نیلامی میں حصہ لینا اقتصادی طور پر سود مند نہیں تھا۔ ‏پاکستان میں کارپوریٹ سیکٹر کی آمدن پر ٹیکس کی شرح 29 فیصد ہے اور گذشتہ کچھ عرصے کے دوران ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کی لاگت بڑھنے سے بھی ٹیلی کام آپریٹرز کے منافع پر فرق پڑا ہے۔ ایسے میں مہنگی قیمت پر فروخت ہونے والے سپیکٹرم اُن کے لیے زیادہ منافع بخش نہیں ہیں۔ ‏ماہر ٹیلی کام پرویز افتخار کا کہنا ہے کہ ٹیلی کام ریگولیٹرز کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ نیلامی سے محض آمدن بڑھانے کے بجائے زیادہ وسیع نظریے کے ساتھ اس معاملے پر آگے بڑھائیں کیونکہ پاکستان ٹیکنالوجی کے معاملے پر ابھی بھی خطے کے دیگر ممالک سے پچھے ہے۔ ‏ٹیلی کام سیکٹر کے ماہرین کے خیال میں سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی سے پاکستان میں انٹرنیٹ صارفین کو فائدہ ہو گا لیکن اس بار نیلامی کے لیے کمپنیوں کو رقم کی ادائیگی ڈالرز کے بجائے پاکستانی کرنسی میں کرنا ہو گی جس سے کسی حد تک تو فائدہ ہو گا لیکن ابھی نیلامی کے لیے بیس پرائس زیادہ ہے۔ ‏حکومت کا کیا کہنا ہے؟ ‏وزارت انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی نے بی بی سی کو دیے گئے جواب میں کہا ہے کہ سپیکٹرم کو فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی سے منسلک نہیں کیا گیا ہے بلکہ حکومت آپریٹرز کی حوصلہ افزائی کر رہی ہے کہ وہ اپنے صارفین اور کاروباری ضروریات کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے سپیکٹرم سے فور جی یا فائیو جی متعارف کروائیں۔ ‏وزارات کا کہنا ہے کہ بین الاقوامی سطح پر اپنائی گئی پالیسیوں اور پاکستان کی ڈیجیٹل ٹرانسفارمیشن کے ہدف کو سامنے رکھتے ہوئے حکومت نے فائیو جی کے لانچ کے لیے آپریٹرز کے لیے لچک دار ٹائم لائن دی ہے۔ ‏ملک میں فائیو جی کی محدود طلب کے بارے میں وزارت انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی کا کہنا ہے کہ آگرچہ ملک میں فائیو جی ٹیکنالوجی کے حامل موبائل فون ہینڈ سیٹس کی تعداد کم ہے لیکن ویڈیو سٹریمنگ، ڈیٹا کا استعمال اور کلاؤڈ سروس کی طلب میں مسلسل بڑھ رہی ہے۔ ‏وزارت کا کہنا ہے کہ پاکستان میں ساڑھے پندرہ کروڑ کی آبادی انٹرنیٹ استعمال کر رہی ہے اور سوشل میڈیا استعمال کرنے والے صارفین کی تعداد بھی سات کروڑ ہے، ایسے میں نئی ٹیکنالوجی کے آنے سے اُس ٹیکنالوجی کی مانگ بڑھتی ہے۔ ‏پاکستان میں سپیکٹرم کی نیلامی کے لیے مختص کی گئی کم سے کم قیمت کے بارے میں وزارتِ انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی کا کہنا تھا کہ پاکستان درحقیقیت ایک ایسا ملک ہے جہاں موبائل فون آپیریٹرز کے لیے اوسطً فی صارف آمدن کم ہے اور پاکستان جیسی 25 کروڑ کی آبادی کے لیے نیٹ ورک کی فراہمی کے لیے زیادہ سرمایہ درکار ہے لیکن وزارتِ انفارمیشن ٹیکنالوجی کا کہنا ہے کہ تمام اُمور کو مدنظر رکھتے ہوئے ہی سپیکٹرم لائسنس کے نیلامی کے لیے کم سے کم قیمت کا تعین کیا گیا, بشکریہ بی بی سی
Network Troubleshooting
K
As we move into March 2026, the troubleshooting landscape has shifted. While the January boot issues are mostly resolved, a new set of “Preview” bugs and a critical Windows 10 recovery fix are currently trending. Here are the top Windows troubleshooting discussions for March 2026: 🚀 Trending Issues: March 2026 1. The “System UI” Freeze (KB5077241) The Problem: The late February/early March optional preview update is breaking the core Windows UI. Users report that the Start Menu, Task Manager, and Settings become completely unresponsive, even if the mouse still moves. The Fix: Since this is an optional update, the best solution is to uninstall it. If you can’t open Settings: Press Win + R, type control, go to Programs and Features > View installed updates, and uninstall KB5077241. Pro-tip: Turn off the toggle “Get the latest updates as soon as they are released” in Windows Update settings to avoid these unstable “Preview” builds. 2. Windows 10 WinRE Boot Failure (KB5075039) The Problem: Microsoft just released a major fix (March 3, 2026) for a year-long bug where the Recovery Environment (WinRE) would fail to start on Windows 10. The Fix: Install KB5075039. Requirement: This update requires at least 250MB of free space in your recovery partition. If you get an error during installation, you will likely need to resize your partition (using the steps we discussed earlier). 3. Random “Static Freezes” on Laptops (Lenovo/HP/Dell) The Problem: A surge of reports in March 2026 describes “Static Freezes”—where the screen locks on a single image and requires a hard power-button reboot. This is specifically affecting Windows 11 25H2. The Fix: This appears to be a conflict with Modern Standby (S0). Workaround: Go to Control Panel > Power Options > Choose what the power buttons do and click “Change settings that are currently unavailable.” Uncheck “Turn on fast startup.” * Many users also found that rolling back to an older GPU Driver (specifically on AMD Ryzen systems) stops the freezing. 🛠️ March 2026 Health Check Table Error Code Meaning 2026 Recommended Action 0x803f8001 App License Error Reset Microsoft Store Cache: Run wsreset.exe 0xA00F4244 Camera Not Found Check Privacy Settings > Camera; a recent update toggled this OFF for many users. 0x80080005 Azure/RDP Auth Failure Manual install of KB5078127 or use the Web Client. Event 2042 False Firewall Error Safe to Ignore. This is a confirmed display bug in the March 2026 logging system. 🔐 Urgent: Secure Boot Certificate Expiry Microsoft has issued a warning that Secure Boot certificates for millions of devices will begin expiring in June 2026. Next Step: Ensure you are installing the “Servicing Stack Updates” (SSU) appearing in your update list this month. These prepare your motherboard’s firmware for the certificate rotation so your PC doesn’t lose the ability to boot securely this summer. Would you like me to generate a specific “cleanup” script for the March UI freeze, or should we look at how to prepare your PC for the June Secure Boot transition?
Windows Troubleshooting
zareenZ
Re: Iran and Israel War Live update 2025-26
General Discussion
cyberianC
Here you can get help and issues discussed regarding sencto sign up Please share your feedback and question 🙋
Online earning
Eman AbbasiE
WhatsApp data on a Mac is primarily stored within the user’s Library folder, specifically in container folders for the desktop application
Network Troubleshooting
cyberianC
This is announcement 📢
Online earning
L
The world of eCommerce is evolving fast, and shopping is no longer limited to static images and boring product pages. With Shopping Live TV on Secnto.com, users can experience products in real time, interact with sellers, and explore 3D model views of live products—bringing online shopping closer to an in-store experience than ever before. ⸻ What Is Shopping Live TV on Secnto.com? Shopping Live TV on Secnto.com is a next-generation live commerce platform where brands, sellers, and creators showcase products through live video streaming, combined with interactive 3D product visualization. Instead of guessing product quality from photos, customers can: • Watch live demonstrations • Ask questions in real time • Rotate and explore 3D product models • Buy instantly during the live session This blend of live TV-style shopping + 3D technology makes Secnto a powerful platform for modern digital buyers. ⸻ 3D Model View: See Products From Every Angle One of Secnto’s standout features is its real-time 3D product model view. Why 3D Shopping Matters • 🔄 Rotate products 360° • 🔍 Zoom in to see fine details • 📐 Understand size, shape, and design accurately • 🛒 Reduce return rates by increasing buyer confidence Whether it’s electronics, fashion, furniture, or accessories, 3D models eliminate uncertainty and give customers a true-to-life product experience. ⸻ Live Product Demonstrations in Real Time With Live TV Shopping, sellers don’t just list products—they present them live. Live Shopping Benefits: • 🎥 Real-time product demos • 💬 Live chat & instant Q&A • 🔔 Limited-time offers & flash deals • 🧑‍💼 Human connection between seller and buyer This format builds trust, urgency, and engagement, leading to higher conversion rates compared to traditional eCommerce listings. ⸻ Interactive Buying Experience Secnto transforms viewers into participants. Key interactive features include: • 🖱️ Click-to-buy during live streams • ❤️ Like, react, and save products • 📦 View stock availability in real time • 📲 Seamless checkout without leaving the stream The result? Entertainment + shopping = higher engagement and faster decisions. ⸻ Ideal for Brands, Influencers & Sellers Shopping Live TV on Secnto.com is not just for buyers—it’s a powerful sales channel for: • 🏷️ Brands launching new products • 🛍️ Online stores boosting conversions • 🎙️ Influencers monetizing live audiences • 🏭 Manufacturers showcasing product quality With live streams and 3D models, sellers can tell a product’s story visually, not just describe it. ⸻ Why Secnto.com Stands Out What makes Secnto different from traditional marketplaces? Feature Traditional eCommerce Secnto Live TV Product View Static Images Live + 3D Models Interaction None Real-Time Chat Trust Level Medium High Engagement Low Very High Conversion Rate Average Significantly Higher ⸻ The Future of Online Shopping Is Live & 3D As global trends move toward immersive commerce, platforms like Secnto.com are leading the way. Live shopping combined with 3D visualization creates: • Better user experience • Higher trust • Faster purchase decisions • Lower product returns This is not just shopping—it’s digital retail entertainment. ⸻ Final Thoughts Shopping Live TV on Secnto.com redefines how people buy online. By merging live streaming, interactive communication, and 3D product models, Secnto offers a shopping experience that feels real, engaging, and trustworthy. If you’re looking to sell smarter or shop better, live 3D shopping on Secnto.com is the future—and it’s already here. 🚀 ⸻
Lifestyle
Z
Sehri & Iftar Time Table for Ramadan 2026 Ramadan Date Day Sehr Iftar Duration 1 19 Feb Thu 5:20am 5:53pm 12 hrs, 33 mins 2 20 Fri 5:19am 5:53pm 12 hrs, 34 mins 3 21 Sat 5:18am 5:54pm 12 hrs, 36 mins 4 22 Sun 5:17am 5:55pm 12 hrs, 38 mins 5 23 Mon 5:16am 5:56pm 12 hrs, 40 mins 6 24 Tue 5:15am 5:57pm 12 hrs, 42 mins 7 25 Wed 5:14am 5:58pm 12 hrs, 44 mins 8 26 Thu 5:13am 5:58pm 12 hrs, 45 mins 9 27 Fri 5:12am 5:59pm 12 hrs, 47 mins 10 28 Sat 5:11am 6:00pm 12 hrs, 49 mins 11 01 Mar Sun 5:10am 6:01pm 12 hrs, 51 mins 12 02 Mon 5:09am 6:01pm 12 hrs, 52 mins 13 03 Tue 5:08am 6:02pm 12 hrs, 54 mins 14 04 Wed 5:06am 6:03pm 12 hrs, 57 mins 15 05 Thu 5:05am 6:04pm 12 hrs, 59 mins 16 06 Fri 5:04am 6:04pm 13 hrs, 0 mins 17 07 Sat 5:03am 6:05pm 13 hrs, 2 mins 18 08 Sun 5:02am 6:06pm 13 hrs, 4 mins 19 09 Mon 5:00am 6:07pm 13 hrs, 7 mins 20 10 Tue 4:59am 6:07pm 13 hrs, 8 mins 21 11 Wed 4:58am 6:08pm 13 hrs, 10 mins 22 12 Thu 4:57am 6:09pm 13 hrs, 12 mins 23 13 Fri 4:55am 6:10pm 13 hrs, 15 mins 24 14 Sat 4:54am 6:10pm 13 hrs, 16 mins 25 15 Sun 4:53am 6:11pm 13 hrs, 18 mins 26 16 Mon 4:51am 6:12pm 13 hrs, 21 mins 27 17 Tue 4:50am 6:12pm 13 hrs, 22 mins 28 18 Wed 4:49am 6:13pm 13 hrs, 24 mins 29 19 Thu 4:47am 6:14pm 13 hrs, 27 mins 30 20 Fri 4:46am 6:15pm 13 hrs, 29 mins
Fasting Time Calculator
zareenZ
Here’s a comprehensive article on Air Punjab, the recent controversy over the government’s aircraft purchase, and the criticism and legal/ political backlash facing the Punjab Chief Minister: ⸻ Air Punjab: Punjab’s Provincial Airline Vision and the Jet Purchase Controversy What Is Air Punjab? Air Punjab is a new flagship airline initiative by the Government of Punjab aimed at creating a provincially-owned airline serving domestic—and, in future phases, international—air travel. The project was officially approved by Chief Minister Maryam Nawaz Sharif in 2025 as part of wider plans to improve connectivity and transportation infrastructure in the province. Initial phases include leasing several aircraft to start domestic operations, with international routes expected later.  Officials say the airline will operate initially with a small fleet with phased expansion, and some provincial assets such as helicopters may be integrated into its operations.  ⸻ The New Jet Purchase: What Happened? In February 2026, reports emerged that the Punjab government had acquired a luxury business jet — a Gulfstream GVII-G500 — valued at around Rs10 billion (approximately $38–42 million).  The aircraft, identified with U.S. registration N144S, is a modern executive jet typically used by heads of state and major corporations. Although not yet registered in Pakistan at the time of reporting, flight tracking data showed the jet making regional flights and using VIP call signs linked to provincial officials.  Punjab Information Minister Azma Bokhari defended the acquisition, stating the jet is intended to be part of the Air Punjab fleet, and not a personal plane for any individual. She said the government plans to build a diverse fleet by purchasing some aircraft and leasing others, and will provide full details when finalized.  ⸻ Public and Political Criticism Despite official explanations, the jet purchase sparked intense criticism, both online and from opposition leaders: Misplaced Priorities Amid Economic Hardship Critics argue that buying a luxury jet in a time of economic strain, high inflation, and rising poverty reflects a misallocation of public funds. Many social media users expressed outrage that taxpayer money should instead be spent on essential services like education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation rather than on VIP transport.  Political Opposition Voices Senior opposition figures amplified the backlash: • Miftah Ismail, former federal finance minister, criticized the purchase as an unnecessary extravagance, noting the contrast between austerity measures and luxury spending.  • Mohammad Zubair, former governor of Sindh, labeled the aircraft a “beautiful plane worth more than 1,000 crore” and questioned whether Pakistan, with nearly half its population living below the poverty line, can justify such spending.  Silence and Transparency Issues Reports noted that the acquisition became public not through formal announcements, but from open-source aviation tracking and a pilot job advertisement — leading to criticism about lack of transparency in what is a major government expenditure.  Provincial Rivalries Political leaders from other provinces, such as representatives from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, also criticized the move, contrasting it with their own budget challenges and questioning Punjab’s decision while ordinary citizens face hardship.  ⸻ Government Response and Justifications The Punjab government has sought to frame the jet purchase within a broader strategy of provincial autonomy and improved administrative efficiency. Officials argue that having dedicated provincial aircraft will reduce reliance on federal government assets or the Pakistan Air Force for official travel. In public comments, authorities stressed that the plane is a government asset, intended to serve institutional needs rather than personal use, and that it forms part of future Air Punjab operations.  ⸻ Where Things Stand Now The controversy remains unresolved: • The jet’s exact procurement details, including financing and formal approval records, have not been fully disclosed publicly. • Debate continues over the merits of the Air Punjab project and the priorities of provincial spending. • While some residents and commentators see Air Punjab as an innovative leap in domestic air travel, others view the luxury purchase as symbolic of government disconnect from pressing public needs. ⸻ Conclusion: A Test of Public Accountability The Air Punjab jet row illustrates a broader tension in Pakistani politics and governance: balancing ambitious development projects with fiscal responsibility and public perception. As the province moves forward with a new airline initiative, how officials address accountability and communicate spending decisions may be just as important as the infrastructure developments themselves. ⸻ If you’d like, I can tailor this article for publication or editorial tone — for example, as a news analysis, opinion piece, or investigative report
General Discussion
Lovely queenL
Lahore mein aaj sehri ka time kya hai? Other cities of Pakistan different
Fasting Time Calculator
Danish BhattiD
The transfer of a satellite—such as the PakSat-MM1 or the iCube-Qamar—involves much more than just shipping a box. It is a multi-stage technical and diplomatic procedure. The Manned Mission: Pakistan is preparing to send its first astronaut to the Tiangong Space Station later this year. Linking your satellite article to this “Manned Mission” will increase your site’s “Topic Clustering” value. The Sea-Launch Trend: The PRSC-EO2 was launched from a ship in the South China Sea. This is a “hot” topic because sea-launches are the new frontier of cost-effective space access.
Star Pakistan
cyberianC
In recent years, social media and alternative news platforms have been flooded with disturbing claims alleging that powerful political figures and wealthy businessmen in the United States and other countries are involved in sexual crimes against young girls—and even more extreme accusations involving ritual abuse or cannibalism. While some of these claims stem from real criminal cases, others belong firmly in the realm of unverified conspiracy theories. Understanding the difference is essential.
Speculative
Nemo MalikN
What is is best fiber signal for connectivity?
Network Troubleshooting
K
I’m facing while system restart windows auto change subnet to 248 why?
Network Troubleshooting
zaasmiZ
Changing your SIM network in Pakistan has become extremely easy thanks to Mobile Number Portability (MNP). Whether you want to convert Zong SIM to Jazz, Jazz to Zong, or switch between Ufone, Jazz, and Zong, you can do it without changing your mobile number. In this detailed guide, we will cover: • Change SIM network step by step • How to convert Zong SIM to Jazz • Zong to Jazz MNP code • Jazz to Zong SIM convert method • Jazz SIM convert to Ufone • Ufone SIM convert to Jazz code (online & offline) • How to check converted SIM network ⸻ What Is SIM Network Change (MNP)? SIM network change, also known as Mobile Number Portability (MNP), allows you to switch your telecom network while keeping the same number. For example: • Zong → Jazz • Jazz → Zong • Jazz → Ufone • Ufone → Jazz No number change. No data loss. ⸻ Convert SIM Network – Basic Requirements Before you convert SIM, make sure: ✔ SIM is registered on your CNIC ✔ SIM is active for at least 60 days ✔ No unpaid balance (postpaid users) ✔ CNIC holder must visit the franchise ⸻ How to Convert Zong SIM to Jazz (Step-by-Step) Many users search “how to convert Zong SIM to Jazz”, and the process is simple. Zong to Jazz SIM Convert Method 1. From your Zong SIM, send SMS: MNP to 667 2. You will receive an MNP code 3. Visit your nearest Jazz Franchise or Service Center 4. Provide: • Original CNIC • Active Zong SIM • Received MNP code 5. Fill out the Jazz SIM conversion form 📌 Your SIM will convert within 3–4 working days ⸻ Zong to Jazz MNP Code (Important) There is no fixed Zong to Jazz MNP code. The system automatically generates a unique porting code when you send: MNP → 667 ⚠️ Avoid fake websites claiming instant online SIM conversion. ⸻ How to Convert Zong SIM to Jazz Online – Is It Possible? ❌ Fully online SIM conversion is NOT possible in Pakistan ✔ Online you can: • Check eligibility • Locate Jazz franchise • Book token (some cities) ✔ Physical visit is mandatory for biometric verification. ⸻ Convert Zong to Jazz – Common Benefits • Better Jazz 4G coverage • More affordable call packages • Wider roaming support • Strong business & corporate plans ⸻ Zong SIM Convert to Jazz – FAQs Q: Will my number change? No, your number stays the same. Q: How long does conversion take? 3–4 working days. ⸻ How to Convert Jazz SIM to Zong Users also search “how to convert Jazz SIM to Zong”. Jazz to Zong SIM Convert Steps 1. Send SMS from Jazz SIM:MNP to 667 2. Receive porting code 3. Visit Zong Customer Service Center 4. Submit CNIC + Jazz SIM + MNP code 5. Biometric verification completed ✔ SIM converts in 3–5 days ⸻ Jazz to Zong SIM Convert – Why Users Switch? • Strong Zong data bundles • Better internet speed in some areas • Affordable hybrid offers ⸻ Jazz SIM Convert to Ufone – Complete Process To convert Jazz SIM to Ufone: 1. Send MNP to 667 2. Receive porting code 3. Visit Ufone Franchise 4. Submit documents 5. Biometric verification ✔ Conversion time: 3–4 days ⸻ Ufone SIM Convert to Jazz Code (Online & Offline) Ufone to Jazz SIM Convert • SMS: MNP → 667 • Visit Jazz Franchise • CNIC biometric required ⚠️ No online-only code exists All conversions require physical verification ⸻ Convert SIM – Supported Networks in Pakistan You can convert between: • Jazz ↔ Zong • Jazz ↔ Ufone • Zong ↔ Ufone • Telenor ↔ Jazz / Zong / Ufone ⸻ How to Check Converted SIM Network After SIM conversion, many users ask “how to check converted SIM network”. Method 1: Dial Code Dial: *667# (may vary by operator) Method 2: Send SMS Send blank SMS to: 667 Method 3: Use PTA SIM Info • Visit PTA SIM Information portal • Enter your number ⸻ Common Problems During SIM Conversion ❌ Biometric mismatch ❌ SIM not 60 days old ❌ CNIC expired ❌ Pending balance ✔ Always resolve these before applying ⸻ Change SIM Network – Final Tips • Always visit official franchises • Never share CNIC copies online • Avoid agents claiming “instant online SIM convert” • Keep old SIM active until conversion completes ⸻ Final Words Whether you want to convert Zong SIM to Jazz, Jazz to Zong, or Jazz SIM convert to Ufone, Pakistan’s MNP system makes network switching simple and secure.
Network Troubleshooting
Florencio LeeF
Can We connect a Ubiquiti (UBNT) device running in Station mode to a mobile phone, but it is not for directly browsing the internet through the station. Instead, this connection is used to configure, manage, and align the station device via the mobile app.
Network Troubleshooting
Wasi WasiW
The “Trump Factor” is the leading semantic driver for this news. Analysts suggest that the trade deal isn’t just about money; it’s a defense mechanism.
Tactical
cyberianC
Re: PM. IMRAN KHAN
Star Pakistan
  • M

    CS206 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    CS206 - Introduction to Network Design & Analysis cs206 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    1k Views
    M
    @moaaz said in CS206 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion: ask 1: Let’s assume that the network has just been powered on and there hasn’t been any flow of traffic occurred over the network yet. a) What might be in the MAC address table of the switch? b) If PC-1 sends a packet to PC-4, what action(s) will be performed by the switch? Solution: Solution: a) As the network is just switched on, so is the switch. Therefore, there will be no entry in the Address table (forwarding table) of the switch. b) Switch will perform two operations. First it will check its MAC address table which is empty, and it will populate its address table with the MAC entry of the incoming packet. Secondly, it will repeat the incoming packet on all its ports other than the source port. Task 2: Now assume that some data transfer has been occurred between the following devices: i. PC-1 and PC-4 ii. PC-7 and PC-5 iii. PC-3 and Server iv. PC-5 and PC-8 What might be in the forwarding table of the switch? Give your answer in the >following format: Solution: MAC Address Port Number 0200.1111.1111 Fa0/1 0200.1111.4444 Fa0/4 0200.1111.7777 Fa0/7 0200.1111.5555 Fa0/5 0200.1111.3333 Fa0/3 0100.1111.1111 Fa0/9 0200.1111.8888 Fa0/8 Task 3: Let’s assume that PC-1, PC-2, PC-3 and PC-4 belong to accounts department and PC-5, PC-6, PC-7 and PC-8 belong to admin department of an organization. Both departments have some concerns regarding security of their relevant departmental data, and they want to restrict unnecessary transfer of irrelevant traffic from each other. What approach can be implemented at the switch level to separate out network traffic of both the departments without changing the physical network configuration? Solution: Both networks can be separated out by creating two VLANs on the switch and registering appropriate interfaces on the VLANs. This network behaves just like it would with the two physical switches. Switch does learn all the MAC addresses, but the switch does not forward broadcasts or unicasts from one VLAN to the other. It keeps a separate address table for each VLAN. This way both departments will be separated out.
  • M

    CS205 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    CS205 - Information Security cs205 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    1k Views
    zaasmiZ
    @moaaz said in CS205 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion: Question No-2: Consider an online performance evaluation system of a company where its employees enter the daily status of the tasks assigned to them in online sheets available in the system. The sheets are analyzed by the competent authorities of the company on daily basis to evaluate the performance of the employees. You are required to briefly explain the confidentiality, integrity and availability with the help of example associated with this system. In your point of view which component of C.I.A. Triangle model will get the highest importance and which component will get the least importance according to above mentioned scenario? Solution: Integrity: An employee always relies on the accuracy of entered data /information. Therefore, use of advanced, efficient technology and proper optimization is necessary to ensure that integrity is maintained and employee’s information is secure. Whenever any employee enters his work progress then that information must remain in its original form otherwise any wrong change in report can create a lot of problems for employees. So, the integrity of data should be safe. Confidentiality: The employee must expect the privacy. Confidentiality with the use of evaluation system should be high and there should be surety of maintaining privacy between higher management and employee. To access the performance evaluation system, an employee must enter a security password which is available only to authorized employee of the company. Company also needs to ensure privacy of any employee’s performance report. Proper encryption of data ensures that high level of confidentiality is maintained whereas lack of attention towards the same could lead to breach of data/ information. Moreover, the policy related to changing password after regular intervals will help to keep data and information secure. Availability: All employees use evaluation system at the end of day to enter their progress status of the tasks/work, assigned to them. So, if the related interface is not available at the time of entering data, then employees would not be able to enter the information in the system. Consequently, the higher management may perceive that the employee(s) has /have intentionally not entered the required information and may take action in this regard. Furthermore, if the system will not be available specially at the time when most of the employees will be updating their status, then it will make the employees frustrated just because no one want to spend extra hours after the working hours. So the availability of the system is also important. Part-2: Integrity and Confidentiality holds the highest importance in this scenario. The availability of system has less importance from information security point of view.
  • M

    CS204 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    Solved CS204 - Cyber Law cs204 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    2k Views
    zaasmiZ
    @moaaz said in CS204 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion: Question. 2 Marks 10 Mr. “Omar” is an HR coordinator at XYZ University. He receives an E-mail containing a message that, “Your University’s E-mail account password will be expired within 24 hours” from some fake E-mail account pretending to be the legitimate E-mail from University. Mr. “Omar” is redirected to a fake password renewal page i.e.“xyzcuniversity.edurenewal.com” where both new and existing passwords are requested. The cyber attacker is monitoring the page and hacks the original password to gain access. Keeping in view the above scenario, answer the following questions: Mention the cyber-crime name, which is occurring in the scenario. Mention the category of cyber-crime. Mention all possible prevention measures for such type of cyber-crimes. Solution: Phishing Attack , Data theft or Email Spoofing Cyber-Crime against property Prevention Measures • Learn to Identify Suspected Phishing Emails • Check the Source of Information from Incoming Mail • Do not click on hyperlinks or links attached in the email, as it might direct you to a fraudulent website. • Type in the URL directly into your browser or use bookmarks / favorites if you want to go faster. • Enhance the Security of Your Computer • Update on your operating system and web browsers. • Enter Your Sensitive Data in Secure Websites Only • The best way to prevent phishing is to consistently reject any email or news that asks you to provide confidential data. • Delete these emails and ask your university to clarify any doubts. • Check Back Frequently to Read About the Evolution of Malware
  • M

    CS504 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Spring 2020

    CS504 - Software Engineering - I cs504 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    7
    0 Votes
    7 Posts
    2k Views
    zareenZ
    @zareen said in CS504 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Spring 2020: Question No 1: Solution: Functional Requirements: Buyers can request a catalogue of the Air Conditioners stock. Sellers can post information/details about their Air Conditioners online AIR Wave will notify successful tenders Online registration is required for both sellers and buyers. The interfaces should be customizable so that a wide variety of users could use the system effectively. [image: 64YEZpJ.png]
  • M

    CS408 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Spring2020

    CS408 - Human Computer Interaction cs408 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    5
    0 Votes
    5 Posts
    1k Views
    M
    @moaaz said in CS408 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Spring2020: Re: CS408 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Assignment No. 1 Semester: Spring2020 CS408 – Human Computer Interaction Total Marks: 15 Due Date: 28-05-2020 Instructions Please read the following instructions carefully before submitting assignment: It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit if: o Assignment is submitted after due date. o Submitted assignment does not open or file is corrupt. o Assignment is copied (From internet/students). Objectives: The objective of this assignment is to: (a) Enables you to understand user experience goals (b) Enable you to find Goals, Operators and Sub-goals. Assignment Submission Instructions You have to submit only.doc/ docx file on the Assignments interface of CS408 at VULMS. Assignment submitted in any other format will not be accepted and will be graded zero marks. For any query about the assignment, contact only at CS408@vu.edu.pk Do not post queries related to assignment on MDB. Question No.1 10 Marks Question No 1: As we know that Microsoft has updated lots of feature in their every new-updated windows to improve Usability goals and user experience goals to make the user experience more efficient. Your task is to write down two updated features of each window (from window 7 to window 10) that has increased user experience. Question No. 2 05 Marks a) Let suppose a scenario that you watch HCI lectures of Virtual University, you have two options you can watch through LMS or YouTube, for the method you have selected, Write down the GOMS (Goals operators, methods and selection) method. b) Suppose a scenario that you are working in excel sheets, and you have entered many data and before closing the sheet, you forgot to save your data. What are the safety measures Microsoft has designed to ensure to safe user’s data? Deadline: The deadline to submit your assignment is Thursday, 28 May 2020. Your assignment must be submitted within the due date through VULMS. No assignment will be accepted through email after the due date. CS408 Assignment No.1 Solution Spring 2020 Question No 01: As we know that Microsoft has updated lots of feature in their every new-updated windows to improve Usability goals and user experience goals to make the user experience more efficient. Your task is to write down two updated features of each window (from window 7 to window 10) that has increased user experience. Answer: Windows 7 Advancements in touch, speech and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, support for additional file formats, improved performance on multi-core processors, improved boot performance, and kernel improvements. Window 8 Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system’s platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft’s “Metro” design language, the Start screen a new platform for developing “apps” with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online service, and Windows Store, an online distribution for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft Smart Screen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process. Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn, especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen. Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses were sold through January 2013, a number that included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs. Microsoft released Windows 8.1 in October 2013, addressing some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters and incorporated additional improvements to various aspects of the operating system. Windows 8 was ultimately succeeded by Windows 10 in July 2015. Microsoft stopped providing support and updates for Windows 8 RTM since January 12, 2016, and Windows 8.1 must be installed to maintain support and receive further updates per Microsoft lifecycle policies regarding service packs Support for IE10 on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Embedded 8 Standard ended on January 31, 2020. Market share had fallen to 2.25% by November 2019. In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Microsoft Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions. In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from the older.Windows XP version to the most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available. Window 10 Create events quickly Add emoji from your keyboard. Automatically back up your precious folders. Bring the Microsoft experience to your Android phone. Make your pointer easier to see. One of Windows 10’s most notable features is its support for universal apps, an expansion of the Metro-style apps first introduced in Windows 8 Question NO 2: Part 1: Let suppose a scenario that you watch HCI lectures of Virtual University, you have two options you can watch through LMS or YouTube, for the method you have selected, Write down the GOMS (Goals operators, methods and selection) method. Answer: Goal: Goals describes what the user wants to achieve. It represent a ‘memory point’ for the user. In this scenario our goal is to watch Human computer interaction lecture Operators These are the lowest level of analysis. They are the basic actions that the user must perform in order to use the system. In this case operator could be our mouse or keyboard where we write the command to search the HCI lectures on YouTube. Or click on the mouse for watch the video on lms Method A way to split the goals into sub goals. In this case method could be YouTube, or vu site for watching the video Selection Select between the competators. Knowledge Representation Models How knowledge is represented •Mental Models How mental models (these refer to representation people construct in their mind of themselves, others, objects and the environment to help them know what to do in current and future situations) develop and are used in HCI •User Interaction Learning Models how user learn to interact and become experienced in using computer system. In this scenario our selection depends on us I will chose YouTube due to variety of videos there Part 2: Suppose a scenario that you are working in excel sheets, and you have entered many data and before closing the sheet, you forgot to save your data. What are the safety measures Microsoft has designed to ensure to safe user’s data? Answer: [image: oA9SG1m.png] Excel periodically saves a copy of your Excel file. If Excel crashes, it displays the Document Recovery Pane, the first time you open Excel again. This is a quick way to recover the last auto saved file. [image: TGe69JU.png] File that was never saved If you’ve never saved a file and you accidentally click Don’t Save below when you close Excel (or Excel crashes), execute the following steps to recover the last auto saved file. Note: Excel tells you if a recent copy will be available. On the File tab, click Info. Click Manage Workbook, Recover Unsaved Workbooks. Click the last auto saved file. [image: qM3RBnr.png]
  • M

    BIO201 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    BIO201 - Cell Biology bio201 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    331 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
  • M

    EDU630 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    EDU630 - Research Project - Education edu630 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    1k Views
    zaasmiZ
    Impact of Peer Monitoring on students’ motivations and academic performance. Impact of reward system at school on student’s motivation and academic performance Impact of school’s infrastructure and environment on student’s motivation at secondary level Impact of extra curriculum activities on students’ academic performance at secondary level Impact of class room management strategies on students’ motivations and performance at primary and secondary level. Impact of extrinsic & Intrinsic motivational training on students performance at Secondary level The Problems in teaching faced by newly appointed male/female teachers at primary and secondary level school. Impact of class room instructional practice on students performance at Secondary school in Pakistan Impact of family involvement on academic achievement of students at secondary school in Pakistan Factors effecting the performance of students a teacher perspective at secondary school in Pakistan Impact of outdoor learning on students achievements at primary and secondary level school in Pakistan Impact of corporal punishments on students academic performance at secondary level school in Pakistan How to improve students learning and communication skill at primary and secondary level school The Role of Audios and videos lecture on students learning skill at primary and secondary level school in Pakistan. The impact of of education on students personality developments at secondary school in Pakistan. A survey of educational problem faced by students at secondary school in Pakistan Effectiveness of physical facilities on students academic performance. Impact of Math anxiety (Problems) at secondary level. Impact of tuition practice on students learning (Academic performance). Comparative analysis of new Vs old traditional teaching method in Pakistan. The impact of physical facilities on students, a comparative study of public and private schools in Pakistan. The effectiveness of GTM (Grammer translation method)on students of primary school level in Pakistan. The Impact of activity based method of teaching on students academic performance. Effect of CM (Punjab)Road map indicator on drop out ratio of students in Pakistan Measure of low literacy rte in rural areas at Pakistan The role of teacher to create interest among students for getting education at middle level school in Pakistan. The impact of teacher behavior on students learning at secondary school level in Pakistan. Impact of students behavior on their performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. How to enhance good behavior and personality of students. Effect of motivation of teachers to students on their results. The effect of character building activities on personality of students. Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school. The Impact of activity based method of teaching on students academic performance. Effect of CM (Punjab)Road map indicator on drop out ratio of students in Pakistan Measure of low literacy rte in rural areas at Pakistan The role of teacher to create interest among students for getting education at middle level school in Pakistan. The impact of teacher behavior on students learning at secondary school level in Pakistan. Impact of students behavior on their performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. How to enhance good behavior and personality of students. Effect of motivation of teachers to students on their results. The effect of character building activities on personality of students. Comparison of private and public sector for promotion of quality of education at secondary school. The role of teacher to solve the problem of students at secondary school. Impact of teacher on developing creative writing skills in English of grade 10th students. The role of communicative approach on reading and writing skills of students. How to improve creative writing and reading skill of ESL(English as second language) of students The effect of teachers professional education (B.ED, M.ED) on students achievement. The effect of computer based technology on students achievement at secondary school. Impact of socio-economics status on their academic achievement Impact of ECE (Early childhood education) room on students performance. The reasons of students drop out at secondary level The impact of emerging technology on students performance at secondary school level. Impact of class room management in quality of education. The impact of classroom management on students behavior. The impact of extra curriculum activities on students behavior The effect of teachers personality on character building of students. A study of teachers problems in private sectors. Effect of social network website (FB, Watsapp etc) on students academic performance Impact of reading habits of 10th grade students on their academic performance Analysis of problems of assessment in early childhood education Impact of AEO instructions on students and teacher at primary and secondary school in Pakistan Effectiveness of teaching method on students performance at secondary school in Pakistan. How to manage bullies and take action against bullying at education institutions. Impact of lesson planning on students performance. The role of female harassment at school level Role of religions perspective on education activities in Pakistan culture Study of effective and cognitive characteristics of student teachers of teacher training institutions/ Units/ departments preparing teachers. Development of profile of student teachers of teacher training institutions/departments/units preparing teachers. Study of the attitudes of student teachers towards teaching profession. Study of the psychological traits of student teachers. Study of characteristics of student teachers with respect to their predictive validity as regards success in becoming an effective teacher. Study of age level that is most suitable for starting learning teaching. Comparative study of attitudes towards teaching profession of B A (Education) students and B. Ed. students. Comparative study of the characteristics of student teachers belonging to fresh and in-service categories. Comparative study of the attitudes of fresh categories of student teachers with those of in-service categories. Comparative study of the teaching aptitude of fresh categories of student teachers with those of in-service categories. Study of personality traits of successful and unsuccessful student teachers. Study of interpersonal behavior of teachers, student teachers and teachers throughout their career. Study of changes taking place in teachers in pedagogy, attitude towards learners,and self concept with their growth in age and experience. Compilation of success stories of effective teachers for their use as instructional material in teacher training programmers. Study of attitudes of student teachers towards the humanistic approach to teaching and learning in schools. A longitudinal study of classroom behaviour of student teachers. Comparative study of entry characteristics of trained and untrained teachers. Comparative ratings of teacher image by student teachers of RIEs, University B.Ed. departments/colleges of education, IASEs, CTEs, B.Ed. departments of general colleges, Education departments offering B.A. (Education) courses of general colleges and other teacher training institutions. Comparative study of teachers’ image of student teacher of DIETs and other elementary teacher training institutions. Study of demographic characteristics of teachers with reference to classroom behavior. Study of effect of pre-training teaching experience on student teachers. Case studies of effective teachers as inputs in teacher education curriculum. Longitudinal study of classroom behavior of student teachers of integrated courses of teacher education (B.Sc.,B.Ed.; B.E.Ed. etc.). Study of teacher image of alumni of typical teacher education institute. Study of facilities available for professional development of teacher educators. Study of provision for evaluation of co-curricular activities in various categories of teacher education programmes. The impact of teacher,s training/workshop on students achievement or performance at elementary school Education strategies for improving students misbehavior The challenges faced by teachers in teaching English as medium of instruction at primary or secondary level in Pakistan Difficulties face by teacher in teaching English as medium of instructions at Secondary level Impact of Peer Monitoring on Students motivation and Academic Process
  • zaasmiZ

    CS609 Assignment No. 1 Solution and Discussion

    CS609 - System Programming cs609 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    776 Views
    M
    Please discuss idea solution
  • M

    CS432 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    CS432 - Network Modeling and Simulation cs432 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    655 Views
    M
    @moaaz said in CS432 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion: Re: CS432 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion Assignment No. 01 Semester: Spring 2020 CS432 –Network modeling and simulation Total Marks: 20 Due Date: 21/05/2020 Assignment Objectives: • To enhance the knowledge of use cases as part of simulation building process • To improve the learning of creation of the project in Omnet ++ simulation tool. Uploading instructions: • Your assignment must be in .doc format (Any other formats like scan images, PDF, bmp, etc will not be accepted). • No assignment will be accepted through email. Rules for Marking: It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit if: • The assignment is submitted after due date. • The submitted assignment does not open or file is corrupted. • Your assignment is copied from internet, handouts or from any other student (Strict disciplinary action will be taken in this case). Assignment Question No. 1 [Marks: 10] You are required to install OMNET++ in your system and write down all installation steps. When installation is completed, do the following tasks: • Open OMNET++ IDE. • Create a new empty project. • Give your VUID as project name. • After creation of project takes a snapshot of the newly created project, in which your VUID is shown as project name. Sample of snapshot is given as under. Note: Installation guide is available in download section on VULMS. Question No. 2 [Marks: 10] Following is a XYZ University Registration System’s use case. You are required to identify and define the Simulation Building Process activities (Entities, states, Events) of given use case. Deadline: Your assignment must be uploaded/submitted on or before 21st May 2020. Get 100% SolutionCS432 Assignment 1
  • M

    BIO732 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    BIO732 - Gene Manipulation and Genetic Engineering bio732 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    187 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
  • zaasmiZ

    ZOO630 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    ZOO630 - Research Methods in Biology zoo630 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    165 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
  • Iqra GulI

    LIVE MUSICAL EVENT FOR THE INDEPENDENCE DAY 2020 (PROPOSAL/PRESENTATION)

    Iqra University live musical event iqra university independence day 2020 assignment 1 solution
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    1k Views
    zaasmiZ
    Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of COVID-19 Background Mass gatherings are highly visible events with the potential for serious public health consequences if they are not planned and managed carefully. There is ample evidence that mass gatherings can amplify the spread of infectious diseases. The transmission of respiratory infections, including influenza, 1 has been frequently associated with mass gatherings. Such infections can be transmitted during a mass gathering, during transit to and from the event, and in participants’ home communities upon their return. The purpose of this document is to outline key planning considerations for the organizers of mass gatherings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. It should be read in conjunction with WHO’s Public health for 2 mass gatherings: Key considerations, which provides general advice on the public health aspects of mass events. It is also adapted from the interim planning considerations that were previously released by WHO addressing mass gatherings in the context of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and guidance for international meetings attended by individuals from countries affected by Ebola virus. Updated technical guidance on COVID-19 outbreak should also be consulted. As the COVID-19 outbreak continue to evolve, meeting organizers may want to consider the following three phases in planning appropriate preparedness measures: Planning phase − the period (weeks or months) before the event begins, when operational plans for health and security services during the event are developed, tested, and revised; Operational phase − the period after plans are finalized and the delivery of the event services begins; this may be several weeks before the event commences if teams arrive in advance to complete their training or preparations; Post-event phase − the period after the event finishes when participants are returning to their home countries and organizers are reviewing the event delivery and any follow-up actions that are necessary, as well as reviewing any lessons learned and the event’s legacy. Planning phase Planning should ensure that robust systems and processes are in place to manage public health issues during mass gatherings. Organizers should review their plans to ensure that they correspond to the most current evidence and recommendations. Additional advice could be sought through consultation with global experts. General advice on planning for the public health aspects of an event is set out in WHO’s key considerations document (mentioned in Section 1). Specific actions to be taken in relation to the COVID 19 outbreak are discussed in this section. Liaison with local and national public health authorities.  Event organizers should establish direct links with local and national public health authorities. This should include the local provider of health services for the event.  There should be a nominated liaison person in the organizing team and also one in the designated public health agency. Contact information should be shared, and contacts should be available 24 hours a day.  Regular contact should be maintained throughout the planning period to share information, risk assessments, and plans.  Channels of communication between agencies and organizers and with the public should be agreed in advance. Risk assessment The decision to proceed with a mass gathering or to restrict, modify, postpone, or cancel the event should be based on a thorough risk assessment. Event planners should undertake such an assessment in partnership with local and national public health authorities. For highly visible or particularly large events, WHO may provide advice and technical support to the host country to help with assessing the public health risks associated with the event. General considerations include the following.  A comprehensive risk assessment should be undertaken at the beginning of the planning phase, reviewed regularly during planning, and updated immediately before the handover to the operational phase.  The risk assessment should include input from the public health authority and should take into account the security assessment for the event.  In relation to COVID-19, the risk assessment should include consulting WHO’s updated technical guidance and ensuring that there is an up-to-date evaluation of the epidemiological situation.  The risk assessment for the event must be coordinated and integrated with the host country’s national risk assessment. -1- Specific considerations in relation to COVID-19. Specific information that is necessary for the risk assessment includes:  the global COVID-19 situation reports as provided by WHO;  the national COVID-19 situation report.  The risk assessment for COVID-19 should consider both general features and specific features.  General features of COVID-19 include:  transmission dynamics  future likely spread of the epidemic  clinical severity  treatment options, including available pharmaceuticals.  potential for prevention, including vaccine. Specific features of the event that should be considered include:  crowd density;  nature of contact between participants (for example, a concert or religious event, indoors or outdoors, the layout of the venue);  whether the event will be attended by registered and non-registered participants;  profession of the participants and their possible previous exposure;  number of participants coming from countries or areas affected by the COVID-19 outbreak within 14 days before the event;  age of participants; because elderly people who have co-morbid conditions appear to be more seriously affected, mass gatherings composed principally of this cohort may be associated with increased transmission;  type or purpose of event (for example, sporting, festival, religious, political, cultural);  duration and mode of travel of participants; if the duration of the mass gathering is longer than the incubation period for COVID-19 infection (14 days), then most event-associated cases would be expected to occur while the event is underway. In contrast, if the duration is shorter, most cases would likely occur after the event as people travel and return to their home communities. WHO’s Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations can be consulted for a detailed discussion of the general principles and elements of risk assessment and management. Additionally, online training is available on public health preparedness for mass gatherings. Specific action plan for COVID-19 Action plans should be developed to mitigate all risks identified in the assessment. Some actions will be the responsibility of the public health authority to deliver, some will be the responsibility of the local health service provider, and the event organizer will be responsible for others; each action plan should specify who is responsible for delivering each action, the timescale for delivery, and how and by whom delivery will be ensured. Action plans should include:  integration with national emergency planning and response plans for infectious diseases;  command and control arrangements to facilitate the rapid communication of information and efficient situation analyses and decision-making;  any appropriate screening requirements for event participants – for example, will participants be screened for COVID-19 symptoms on arrival?  disease surveillance and detection – for example, how will the disease be recognized and diagnosed in participants?  treatment – for example, how and where will ill participants be isolated and treated?  decision trigger points – for example, who will decide whether affected participants can continue or resume their role in the event? What trigger points will indicate the need to reconsider or revise the plans? What would trigger postponement or cancellation of the event? If the decision is made to proceed with a mass gathering, planning should consider measures to:  detect and monitor event-related COVID-19;  reduce the spread of the virus;  manage and treat ill persons;  disseminate public health messages specific to COVID-19. Capacity and resource assessment Some of the capabilities and resources to be considered when planning for an event include the following:  National health authorities should assess whether additional resources and capacity are needed to deliver appropriate risk-mitigation actions to the local community during and after the event, for example, by adding diagnostic testing capacity, isolation and treatment facilities, and resources for contact tracing.  Event organizers should assess the capacity needed and the resources available to deliver all specific COVID-19 risk-mitigation actions that arise from the risk assessment.  Capacity and resources should be coordinated with the public health authority and health service provider to avoid duplication or gaps. Risk communication and community engagement plan Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: interim guidance -2- Event organizers should agree with the public health authority how participants and the local population will be kept informed about the health situation, key developments, and any relevant advice and recommended actions. Operational phase There are no published experiential data specific to planning and implementing a mass gathering during the current COVID-19 outbreak. However, arrangements must be in place to ensure regular communication between event organizers and the public health authority. These arrangements should include:  regular and full sharing of information by organizers and public health authorities;  arrangements to provide participants with information about how to access health advice;  arrangements for ongoing, dynamic risk assessments to be conducted by the public health authority and organizers as the event progresses;  arrangements for communicating with participants and the local population to ensure that messaging is consistent. To date, there is no scientific evidence to support the screening of participants as a cost-effective measure. Risk communication Risk communication is an integral part of mass gatherings. The following measures should be considered.  Key messages for the local population and event participants must be coordinated and consistent.  Consideration should be given to how messages about risk can be delivered to the population and to participants quickly if an unusual event occurs. Messaging should include:  an overall assessment of the local risk;  advice on preventive measures, especially respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene practices;  advice about how to access local health care if necessary, including how to do so without creating a risk to health care workers;  advice on self-isolation and not attending the event if symptoms develop;  information about disease signs and symptoms, including warning signs of severe disease that require immediate medical attention;  advice on self-monitoring for symptoms and signs for participants travelling from affected countries, including checking their temperature;  information that WHO does not currently recommend quarantine for healthy travellers or other travel restrictions;  information that wearing a face mask is recommended for participants who have respiratory symptoms (for example, cough); it is not recommended for healthy participants. Event organizers in collaboration with public health authorities may wish to consider whether specific information or advice is needed about the potential risks that persons already at increased risk of severe disease might face in the setting of a mass gathering, especially if the COVID-19 virus is circulating in the community. More information on COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement can be found in Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and response 5 to the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). WHO has developed advice for the public about COVID-19 and information about myths. Surveillance of participants Some key features to consider for surveillance include the following.  Detection and monitoring of event-related COVID-19 should be considered in the context of surveillance schemes that are already in place and if new or enhanced surveillance is deemed necessary.  Organizers will need to work with local public health authorities to ensure that systems are in place to identify indicators of illness arising in the local population or in event participants, such as increases in the number of people experiencing symptoms or a rise in the use of proprietary medicines.  Surveillance systems will need to operate in real time or near−real time to support rapid response actions.  Surveillance systems should be linked to risk assessments, so that any abnormal signal in the surveillance systems triggers an immediate revision of the risk assessment. Testing and diagnostic arrangements Organizers need to consider with the local health authority how and where participants presenting with COVID-19-like symptoms will be tested. Organizers will need to ensure that their health provider has access to appropriate testing tools, probably from the national public health agency. This will also require prior agreement about how to transport specimens or participants to a testing facility. Treatment facilities Some considerations for treatment facilities include the following:  Event organizers should consider the need to provide isolation facilities at the event site for participants who develop symptoms and the need to wait for a health assessment. Whether this is necessary depends on the nature of the event and the extent to which the event will provide its own medical services rather than depend on the local health service to do so. Preparing for an isolation facility includes training health care workers, implementing infection control and prevention measures in any health care setting, and preparing personal protective equipment to be used by staff.  Organizers need to consider where any participant who becomes unwell with COVID-19-like symptoms will be treated and how they will be Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: interim guidance -3- transported to a treatment facility. This is likely to be in a national health facility where there is appropriate containment capacity and expertise, so participants will not be able to remain in the event’s medical facility. Agreements about any consequent funding issues should be confirmed in advance.  Participants at events sometimes expect that they will be returned to their home country for medical treatment rather than be treated in the host country; this will not be possible for anyone diagnosed with COVID-19 except through the use of specific medical evacuation flights that have appropriate isolation and containment facilities: such facilities are scarce and expensive and not readily available for illnesses such as COVID-19.  Organizers need to consider how any affected participants will be transferred home if their illness extends beyond the end of the event and pre-arranged travel is no longer available.  Event organizers working with public health and health care officials need to assess national capacity to deliver supportive treatment, including admitting participants to an intensive care unit and providing ventilator support. Such care should be provided near the mass gathering if possible.  National plans for deploying and providing access to medical supplies, such as antibiotics, ventilators, and personal protective equipment should be reviewed. 5. Decision-making In collaboration with local health authorities, organizers should also agree in advance the circumstances in which risk-mitigation measures would need to be enhanced or the event postponed or cancelled. Prior agreement on potential trigger points will facilitate these discussions if they become necessary. 6. Operational practices for reducing event-related transmission of the COVID-19 virus. The basic general principles for reducing transmission of the COVID-19 virus are applicable to a mass gathering.  People should be advised to stay away from the event if they feel ill.  Persons who feel unwell (that is, have fever and cough) should stay at home and not attend work or school and avoid crowds until their symptoms resolve. This applies to participants as well as staff.  Promoting appropriate hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette in mass gathering venues requires providing informational materials that reach a range of age groups and varying reading and educational levels. In addition, soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers and tissues should be easily accessible in all common areas, and especially at medical treatment sites at the event.  People who become ill while at the event should be isolated.  Organizers should plan for the likelihood of persons becoming ill with fever and other typical symptoms of COVID-19 during the event. Organizers should consider establishing isolation areas in on-site medical treatment clinics or facilities where such persons can be initially assessed and triaged. Persons who are ill can be provided with a mask to help contain respiratory droplets generated from coughing and sneezing. The isolation area should be equipped with the necessary supplies to facilitate hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette. In addition, medical staff attending persons who are ill should wear a mask, dispose of it immediately after contact with someone who is ill, and cleanse their hands thoroughly afterwards.  The usual precautions should be practiced with travellers arriving from international destinations: – If travellers have symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory illness before, during or after travel, they should be encouraged to seek medical attention and share their travel history with the health care provider. – Public health authorities should provide to travellers information about reducing their general risk of acute respiratory infections through health practitioners, travel health clinics, travel agencies, transportation operators, and at points of entry.  Crowding should be minimized where possible, and event organizers should consider using distancing measures to reduce close contact among people during the gathering (for example, by increasing the frequency of transport, staggering arrivals, diverting departures, and minimizing congregation at sanitary stations and food and water distribution areas). Post-event phase After the conclusion of the mass gathering, the following should be considered: After the event After the gathering, if public health authorities suspect that transmission of the COVID-19 virus has occurred, organizers and participants should support the response of authorities.  Meeting organizers must liaise with public health authorities and facilitate the sharing of information about all symptomatic participants (such as their itineraries, contact information, visa procedures, hotel bookings).  Individuals who develop symptoms during the mass gathering and their stay in the country should isolate themselves, seek medical attention, and inform the appropriate public health authorities about their potential exposure, both in the country where the event was held and upon returning to their country of residence. Risk communication  It may be necessary both for clinical reasons and under the International Health Regulations to notify the home countries of returning participants of any people who developed COVID 19 while attending the event. Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: interim guidance -4-  Organizers also need to ensure that test results reported after the event are notified to the participant and, possibly, to the home country’s public health system. 3. Lessons identified As always, it will be important for lessons from any event to be identified through review after the event so that they can be passed on to future event organizers. 4. Legacy Organizing mass gatherings during a global health emergency is unusual, but it can be done depending on the risk assessment. Organizers should see any such event as an opportunity to enhance their ways of working and to pass this learning on to both future events and the host country. References Rashid H, Haworth E, Shafi S, Memish ZA, Boov R. Pandemic influenza: mass gatherings and mass infections. Lancet 2008;8:526–7. World Health Organization. Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 (accessed 19 February 2020). World Health Organization. Interim planning considerations for mass gatherings in the context of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 (accessed 19 February 2020). World Health Organization. Interim guidance for international meetings attended by individuals for Ebola virus disease−affected countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (accessed 19 February 2020). World Health Organization. Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and response to the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 (accessed 19 February 2020). WHO continues to monitor the situation closely for any changes that may affect this interim guidance. Should any factors change, WHO will issue a further update. Otherwise, this interim guidance document will expire 2 years after the date of publication. Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak: interim guidance © World Health Organization 2020. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO licence. WHO reference number: WHO/2019-nCoV/POE mass gathering/2020.2
  • Saba AsifS

    CS101 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    Solved CS101- Introduction to Computer assignment 1 cs101 discussion solution spring 2020
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    1k Views
    cyberianC
    https://youtu.be/lCeLCoJZ0jE Spring 2020_CS101_1_SOL.docx
  • zaasmiZ

    BIO203 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    BIO203 - Methods in Molecular Biology bio203 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    279 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
  • zaasmiZ

    BT604 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    BT604 - Industrial Biotechnology bt604 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    2
    0 Votes
    2 Posts
    550 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
  • zaasmiZ

    BT402 Assignment 1 Solution and Discussion

    BT402 - Microbial Biotechnology bt402 assignment 1 solution discussion spring 2020
    3
    0 Votes
    3 Posts
    299 Views
    zaasmiZ
    https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/9SH5eM0914A https://youtu.be/P_4x86p5dVI
Reputation Earning
How to Build a $1,000/Month World CUP LIVE Matches Live Cricket Streaming
Ads
File Sharing
Earn with File Sharing
Stats

0

Online

3.0k

Users

2.8k

Topics

8.5k

Posts
Popular Tags
solution
1235
discussion
1195
fall 2019
813
assignment 1
428
assignment 2
294
spring 2020
265
gdb 1
238
assignment 3
79
Trending
Online User
| |
Copyright © 2010-26 RUP Technologies LLC. USA | Contributors | Privacy | Terms